Soil Stabilization for Construction, Paving on CD

Purpose. This manual establishes criteria for improving the engineering properties of soils used for pavement base courses, sub-base courses, and sub-grades by the use of additives which are mixed into the soil to effect the desired improvement. These criteria are also applicable to roads and airfields having a stabilized surface layer.

This manual prescribes the appropriate type or types of additive to be used with different soil types, procedures for determining a design treatment level for each type of additive, and recommended construction practices for incorporating the additive into the soil.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Scope
References
Definitions
Uses of Stabilization

CHAPTER 2. SELECTION OF ADDITIVE
Factors to be Considered
Use of Stabilized Soils in Forest Areas
Thickness Reduction for Base and Sub-base Courses

CHAPTER 3. DETERMINATION OF STABILIZER CONTENT
Stabilization with Portland Cement
Stabilization with Lime
Stabilization with Lime-Fly Ash (LF) and Lime Cement-Fly Ash (LCF)
Stabilization with Bitumen
Stabilization with Lime-Cement and Lime-Bitumen
Lime Treatment of Expansive Soils

CHAPTER 4. DETERMINATION OF STABILIZER CONTENT
Construction with Portland Cement
Construction with Lime
Construction with Lime-Fly Ash (LF) and Lime-Cement-Fly Ash (LCF)
Construction with Bitumen

CHAPTER 5. QUALITY CONTROL
General
Cement Stabilization
Lime Stabilization
Lime-Fly Ash (LF) and Lime-Cement-Fly Ash (LCF)
Bituminous Stabilization

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES
APPENDIX B. pH TEST ON SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES
APPENDIX C. DETERMINATION OF SULFATE IN SOILS, GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
APPENDIX D. pH TEST TO DETERMINE LIME REQUIREMENTS FOR LIME
STABILIZATION

List of Figures

Gradation triangle for aid in selecting a commercial stabilizing agent.
Chart for the initial determination of lime content.
Transverse single-shaft mixer processing soil cement in place. Multiple passes are required.
Multiple-transverse-shaft mixer mixing soil, cement, and water in one pass.
Windrow-type traveling pugmill mixing soil-cement from windrows of soil material.
Twin-shaft, continuous-flow central mixing plant mixing soil, cement, and water.
Batch-type central plant used for mixing soil-cement.
Rotary-drum central mixing plant.
Bulk Portland cement being transferred pneumatically from a bulk transport truck to a job truck.
Mechanical cement spreader attached to a job dump truck spreading cement in regulated quantities.
Windrow-type mechanical spreader is used to place cement on the top of a slightly flattened windrow of borrow soil material.
Sketch of soil-cement processing operations with windrow-type traveling pugmill.
Plan for processing with windrow-type traveling pugmill.
Sketch of soil-cement processing operations with multiple-transverse-shaft traveling mixing machine.
Sketch of soil-cement processing operations with single-transverse shaft mixers.
In-place mixing of lime with existing base and paving material on city street.
Off-site mixing pads for Mississippi River levee repair project.
Deep stabilization after lime spreading the plow cuts 24 inches deep.
Root plow for scarifying to a depth of 18 inches.
Scarifying existing clay sub-grade with lime on city street project.
Lime-treated gravel with lime fed by screw conveyor.
Lime-cement-fly ash aggregate base course.
Enclosed soil holds lime for adding to marginal crushed stone base material.
Lime slurry pressure injection (LSPI) rig treating a failed highway slope.
Application of lime by the bag for a small maintenance project.
Application of lime by a bulk pneumatic truck.
Bulk pneumatic truck spreading lime from bar spreader.
Distribution of quicklime from mechanical spreader on city street.
Spreading of granular quicklime.
Slurry mixing tank using recirculating pump for mixing hydrate and water.
Jet slurry mixing plant.
Spreading of lime slurry.
Recirculation pump on top of a 6,000-gallon wagon agitates slurry.
Grader-scarifier cutting slurry into stone base.
Portabatch lime slaker.
Watering of lime-treated clay on airport project.
Mixing with a disc harrow.
Rotary mixer.
Train of rotary mixers.
Rotary mixer on primary road project.
Self-propelled sheepsfoot roller.
Double sheepsfoot roller.
Pneumatic roller completes compaction of LCF base.
Vibrating roller completes compaction of sub-grade.
Windrow-type pugmill travel plant.
Hopper-type pugmill travel plant.
Multiple rotary mixer.
A processing chamber of a multiple rotary mixer.
Single-shaft rotary mixer with asphalt supply tank.
Single-shaft rotary mixer without asphalt.
Mixing with motor grader.
Distributor applying asphalt.
Spreading and compacting train.
Stationary cold-mix plant.
Flow diagram of a typical cold-mix continuous plant.
Spreading cold mix with conventional paver.
Spreading cold mix with full-width cutter-trimmer modified for paving.
Jersey spreader.
Towed-type spreader.
Example standard curve for spectrophotometer.

List of Tables

Guide for selecting a stabilizing additive.
Minimum unconfined compressive strength for cement, lime, lime-cement, and lime-cement- fly ash stabilized soils.
Durability requirements.
Gradation requirements for cement stabilized base and sub-base courses.
Cement requirements for various soils.
Gradation requirements for lime stabilized base and sub-base courses.
Gradation requirements for fly ash stabilized base and sub-base courses.
Recommended gradations for bituminous stabilized sub-grade materials.
Recommended gradations for bituminous stabilized base and sub-base materials.
Emulsified asphalt requirements.
Swell potential of soils.

A comprehensive manual of Soil Stabilization for Construction and Paving on CD

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This is a CD republication of a U.S. government publication. The documents contained on the CD are in the public domain. The CD is protected by U.S. and International copyright laws.

©2003 by Management Science Institute.